1. Jaundice (Yellowing of Skin and Eyes):
   A hallmark sign of liver dysfunction, caused by the buildup of bilirubin in the blood due to poor liver processing.

2. Dark Urine:
   Urine may appear tea-colored or brownish because of elevated bilirubin levels.

3. Pale or Clay-Colored Stool:
   A result of decreased bile flow into the digestive tract.

4. Difficulty Digesting Fatty Foods:
   Reduced bile production hampers fat digestion, often causing bloating, indigestion, or greasy stools.

5. Unexplained Weight Loss:
   Progressive loss of weight despite normal diet, due to poor nutrient absorption and metabolic inefficiency.

6. Muscle Wasting (Loss of Muscle Mass):
   The body begins breaking down muscle proteins for energy as liver function declines.

7. Foul-Smelling Breath (Foetor Hepaticus):
   A sweet, musty odor on the breath caused by volatile compounds that the liver fails to filter.

8. Mental Confusion or Drowsiness (Hepatic Encephalopathy):
   Accumulation of toxins in the brain may lead to forgetfulness, disorientation, or even coma in severe cases.

9. Persistent Skin Itching (Pruritus):
   Severe itching without visible rash, often due to bile salt accumulation under the skin.

10. Nail Changes:

    • Spoon-Shaped Nails (Koilonychia): Concave nail surface often linked with iron deficiency in liver disease.

    • Terry’s Nails: Whitening of most of the nail bed with a narrow pink or brown band at the tip, indicating chronic liver disease.

    • Nail Clubbing: Thickening and rounding of the fingertips and nails, associated with long-term liver or lung disease.

11. Skin Manifestations:

    • Spider Angiomas: Tiny red spots resembling spider webs due to dilated blood vessels.

    • Xanthomas or Xanthelasmas: Small yellowish fatty deposits under the skin, especially around the eyelids, caused by altered fat metabolism.

12. Easy Bruising and Bleeding:
    The liver’s inability to produce adequate clotting factors leads to frequent bruising and prolonged bleeding.

13. Swollen Abdomen (Ascites):
    Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity due to increased pressure in liver veins and protein imbalance.

14. Swelling of Extremities (Edema):
    Puffiness in the ankles, feet, hands, or face resulting from fluid retention and low albumin levels.

15. Hormonal Imbalances:

    • In Females: Irregular menstrual cycles, reduced fertility, and hormonal disturbances.

    • In Males: Shrinking of the testicles (testicular atrophy) and development of enlarged breast tissue (gynecomastia) due to hormonal imbalance.

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The most common liver conditions and their causes include:

1. Hepatitis: Infections from the hepatitis B/C virus or autoimmune reactions.
2. Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD/MASLD): Excess fat deposits, linked to obesity or diabetes.
3. Cirrhosis: Scarring from chronic inflammation and injury, often due to alcohol or hepatitis virus
4. Liver Failure: Sudden or gradual loss of function requiring urgent care